摘要: 养殖废水同时含有重金属、抗生素等污染物.为明确微藻净化此类复合污染废水的潜力，需要系统研究抗生素与重金属对微藻的毒性作用，以及抗生素对微藻重金属富集规律的影响.基于此，以养殖废水中的典型重金属铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）以及抗生素四环素（tetracycline,TC）处理小球藻4 d，测定藻细胞的生长、叶绿素和胞外聚合物（extracellular polymeric substances,EPS）荧光类物质含量、以及对Cu、Zn的去除、吸附与吸收等指标.结果表明：Cu(0.1、0.5、1mg/L)、Zn(0.5、5mg/L)抑制了小球藻生长与叶绿素合成，诱导了EPS荧光类物质的分泌.1、5、10mg/L的TC没有抑制小球藻生长，并且缓解了Cu、Zn对小球藻的毒性，使EPS中酪氨酸类蛋白物质的荧光强度降低.TC对小球藻去除Cu、Zn的影响存在差异：TC、Cu复合处理1 d后，相较于单一Cu处理，Cu的去除率由25.9%显著上升至43.5%，而TC对Zn的去除率无显著影响.TC也影响了Cu、Zn富集方式：Cu、Zn单一处理下，Cu、Zn吸附占富集的比例分别为16.89%、51.6%,TC的添加使两者增加至44.49%、86.73%.本研究表明，TC改变了Cu、Zn在小球藻细胞内外的分布，通过增加Cu、Zn的胞外吸附促进了小球藻对Cu的去除，通过减少Cu、Zn的胞内吸收降低了Cu、Zn对小球藻的毒性.（图4表3参49）

摘要: 1,4-丁二醇是一种重要的化学品中间体，已被列入NICNAS高价值量工业化学品清单（HVICL）.随着1,4-丁二醇的全球市场需求量不断增加，利用微生物法合成1,4-丁二醇已成为关注热点.基于多酶级联催化构建了一条以γ-丁内酯为底物合成1,4-丁二醇的路径，首先通过己内酯水解酶（ChnC）将γ-丁内酯水解为4-羟基丁酸，接着在羧酸还原酶（Car）的作用下，将4-羟基丁酸还原成4-羟基丁醛，随后，利用醇脱氢酶（YqhD）将4-羟基丁醛进一步还原生成1,4-丁二醇；同时通过引入了甲酸脱氢酶（FDH）构建了NADH/NAD+辅酶循环再生系统.最后对底物添加浓度、催化温度、pH和多酶添加比例进行了优化.综合3种酶的最适反应条件优化之后，在30℃、pH 7.0、酶活力添加比例为1:3:2的优化条件下，以5g/L γ-丁内酯为底物，1,4-丁二醇产量达到2.41 g/L，摩尔转化率为46.1%，与优化前相比分别提高了375.46%和374.79%.最后，通过底物补加试验，1,4-丁二醇的合成量最高达到6.31 g/L，摩尔转化率最高达到67.3%.本研究基于新设计的1,4-丁二醇多酶级联催化路径，实现了1,4-丁二醇酶法合成，结果有望为酶催化合成1,4-丁二醇及其高附加值衍生的产品提供一种新的思路.（图12表2参41）

摘要: Human disturbances are considered to break reproduction barriers among species. Significant increases in hybridization events have been reported among a large number of taxonomic groups in anthropogenic environments, providing novel insights into species evolution mechanisms and conservation management in the Anthropocene. The Eastern Golden Frog (Pelophylax plancyi) and BlackSpotted Frog (P. nigromaculatus) are two sympatric anuran species with a long history of mitochondrial genome introgression in highly urbanized continental East Asia. However, there is only limited understanding of the pattern of their contemporary hybridization and factors influencing their interspecific relationship under anthropogenic disturbances. Here, interspecific hybridization between P. plancyi and P. nigromaculatus at the population level was investigated in Shanghai. All except two haplotypes obtained from both species in Shanghai were mixed together, and located in the introgression clade, implying multiple ancient mitochondrial introgression events occurred in the populations of our study area. Asymmetric genetic introgression was detected by microsatellite markers, with 0.7% of P. plancyi and 14.6% of P. nigromaculatus identified as contemporary admixed individuals. Consistent with the trend of population density, higher genetic diversity of neutral microsatellite loci was found in the more abundant P. plancyi; however, variation in mitochondrial (Cyt-b) and nuclear (POMC) genes was higher in relatively rare P. nigromaculatus. The population density of P. plancyi and number of water patches within local habitats were significantly positively correlated with both occurrences and proportions of admixed individuals in the populations of P. plancyi and P. nigromaculatus. Considering the prevalent transformation of habitats in urbanized areas, these results imply that a high population density in isolated artificially altered habitats is likely to increase interspecific hybridization. Thus, population monitoring and improvement of landscape connectivity between habitats would be needed to control the intensity of interspecific hybridization between P. plancyi and P. nigromaculatus in anthropogenic-disturbed environments.

摘要: In the present study, we propose the synonymization of Kurixalus silvaenaias with Kurixalus qionglaiensis. This conclusion is based on morphological examination and phylogenetic analysis of a series of newly collected specimens, as well as the type series of both nomenclatures. The publication dates of the two species were determined according to the related articles of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Of note, the ZooBank registrations for both species are invalid. Consequently, the publication of K. silvaenaias does not qualify as a published work and the correct publication date of K. qionglaiensis should be the date on which it was presented in this study and its original description, the proposal of K. inexpectatus is deemed untenable and should, therefore, be considered a junior synonym of K. idiootocus. We further provide suggestions for the authors, editors, and publishers who are working on improve the registering service.

摘要: A new horned toad species, Boulenophrys elongata sp. nov., is described from Mt. Lianhua, new species is phylogenetically closest to B. brachykolos, which is restricted to the east of the Kong SAR). The new species can be distinguished from all recognized congeners by a combination of morphological characters and genetic divergences in the combined mitochondrial 16S, 12S and CO1 genes. We recommend the new species be listed as Data Deficient (DD) in the IUCN categorization, pending further investigation.

摘要: We studied sexual dimorphism in body size and shape and female reproductive characteristics in the Hainan Water Skink (Tropidophorus hainanus) from Hainan, South China. In our sample the largest female and male were 61.1 and 55.2 mm snout -vent length (SVL), respectively. The mean SVL was larger in adult females (52.0 mm) than in adult males (48.3 mm). Juveniles were sexually dimorphic in head length but not in other examined morphological variables. Adult males were longer in head length and shorter in abdomen length and fore -limb length than adult females of the same SVL. Ontogenetic shifts in sexual dimorphism in body shape were evident, as revealed by the fact that morphological differences between the sexes were more pronounced in adults than in juveniles. Females produced a single litter of 3-6 offspring per season from early August to early September. Litter size, litter mass and offspring (neonate) mass were positively related to female SVL. Neonate mass was independent of relative fecundity. From the above findings we draw three main conclusions. First, females are the larger sex in T. hainanus, and sexual dimorphism in body shape is more pronounced in adults than in juveniles. Second, larger female T. hainanus produce more and larger offspring and thus heavier litters than smaller ones. Third, the offspring size -number trade-off does is not evident in T. hainanus.

摘要:

摘要: A new species of the genus Brachytarsophrys, named Brachytarsophrys wenshanensis sp. nov., has been identified in southeastern Yunnan, China. This new species can be readily distinguished from other known congeners by both morphological criterion and molecular analysis of three mitochondrial gene segments: 16S, COI, and Cytb. This classification is based on the following morphological characters: (1) medium body size (SVL 83.8-85.1 mm in two adult males); (2) enormous head, with head width nearly 1.2 times the length; (3) tongue pyriform, feebly notched; (4) non -meeting heels; (5) male lacking nuptial pad; (6) tibiotarsal articulation reaching angle of mouth when hindlimbs are extended forward alongside the body; (7) absence of outer metatarsal tubercle, inner metatarsal tubercle elliptic and approximately equal to first toe; (8) rudimentary toe webbing, webbing formula: I (2-) - (2++) II (2-) - (3++) III (21/2) - (4) IV (4+) - (22/3) V; (9) lateral fringes narrow; (10) dermal ridge or glandular fold on dorsum absent; (11) pectoral glands distinct and irregular, femoral gland small. Our work increases the number of species within the genus Brachytarsophrys to 9.

摘要: Prey species may have their own optimal escape strategy to balance predation risks and the energetic cost of fleeing. Some species have an advantage when maintaining a short fleeing distance, while others may favour an earlier escape based on microhabitat, size, or body condition. Here, we examined the escape behaviour of the three syntopic Northeast Asian anuran species: Mongolian toads (Strauchbufo raddei), Amur brown frogs (Rana amurensis), and Japanese treefrogs (Dryophytes japonicus) in Mongolia, Russia, China and DPR Korea. We examined flight initiation distance (FID; the distance from a potential predator to the point when the individual starts to flee) and distance fled (DF; distance between flight initiation and flight termination points) of each species and the effects of microhabitat, sex, and body size. Strauchbufo raddei and R. amurensis had a longer FID than D. japonicus, and S. raddei also had a longer DF than D. japonicus. These trends remained similar when dividing FID and DF by a size proxy (snout -vent length) for all individuals. This suggests that the treefrog D. japonicus used a strategy to stay immobile even when they were detected, and the toad S. raddei reacted quicker and more sensitively to predators despite the presence of toxin. Female S. raddei had a significantly longer FID than males suggesting that females are more sensitive to predation risk in this species, but body size was not significant for any of the three species. Our results indicate that the three sympatric species have different escaping strategies, likely related to differences in physiology and crypticity.

摘要: 秦岭山脉以其丰富的植被和多样的传粉昆虫闻名，然而在过去的几十年里，由于意大利蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）的引入和扩散，蜂类物种的丰富度和数量显著下降。这一下降对该地区的群落结构和生态系统稳定性产生了连锁反应。为了改善秦岭山脉及其周边地区自然和农业景观中本土蜂类的保护，我们在三类栖息地（森林、森林-农业交错带和农田）的33个采样点进行了调查。我们使用广义线性混合模型、t检验等数据分析方法，探讨了意大利蜜蜂对不同栖息地中本地传粉蜂类的丰富度、数量以及传粉网络的影响。结果表明：(1)意大利蜜蜂显著负面影响了野生传粉蜂类的丰富度和数量，而中华蜜蜂（Apis cerana）的数量也受养蜂条件的影响。(2)意大利蜜蜂对秦岭山脉及其周边地区传粉蜂类的群落结构产生了显著的负面影响：在受意大利蜜蜂影响的地点，蜜蜂群落的香农-维纳多样性指数、皮尔洛均匀度指数和Margalef丰富度指数显著低于未受其影响的地点。(3)这种影响的根本原因是意大利蜜蜂对花卉资源的垄断。意大利蜜蜂倾向于访问具有大量蜜源的开花植物，这些植物在当地植物群落中占有重要比例。通过在蜂-植物传粉网络中保持主导地位，意大利蜜蜂竞争性地取代了本地传粉蜂类对花卉资源的访问权，最终导致本地蜂-植物互动的减少，降低了传粉网络的复杂性和稳定性。这些发现表明，需要采取有针对性的保护措施来保护本土传粉物种，维持秦岭山脉的生态平衡。