摘要: As the largest continent in the world, bound by the Pacific, Indian, and Arctic Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea, Asia is well-endowed in its geological and biological diversity. Not surprisingly, spiders abound in the vast expanses of its tropic and temperate forests, lofty mountain ranges and plateaus, and flood plains of its many river systems.
摘要: Four new genera in three spider families are reported, namely Langlibaitiao Lin &Li, gen. nov., of Dictynidae O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871, with Lathys inaffecta Li, 2017(♂♀,China: Guangxi) as the type species; Huoyanluo Lin & Li, gen. nov., of Macrobunidae Petrunkevitch, 1928, with Huoyanluo ruanxiaoqi Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂, China: Yunnan) as the type species and Gushangzao Lin & Li, gen. nov. and Gyro Lin & Li, gen. nov., of Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833, with Gushangzao shiqian Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Xizang) and Gyro zeppeli Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♀, China: Yunnan) as the type species, respectively. Further 31 new species in 19 spider families are reported, including Agelenidae C.L. Koch, 1837:Troglocoelotes doul Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♀, China: Guangxi) and T. ruanxiaowu Lin & Li, sp.nov.(♀, China: Guangxi); Dictynidae: Langlibaitiao zhangshun Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂, China:Hainan); Hahniidae Bertkau, 1878: Hahnia zhuyifani Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♀, China: Yunnan);Liocranidae Simon, 1897: Platnick xintongi Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Xizang);Macrobunidae: Funny yanqing Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Xizang) and Huoyanluo zhangzezhongi Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂, China: Yunnan); Mysmenidae Petrunkevitch, 1928:Phricotelus yangxiong Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Chongqing); Nemesiidae Simon, 1889:Raveniola shixiu Lin, Wang & Li, sp. nov.(♀, China: Guangxi) and R. xiezhen Lin, Wang & Li,sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Yunnan); Nesticidae Simon,1894: Speleoticus sicet Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀,China: Sichuan); Ochyroceratidae Fage, 1912: Speocera yiduoi Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂, China:Guangdong); Oecobiidae Blackwall, 1862: Uroctea chenyui Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China:Guangxi); Oonopidae Simon, 1890: Orchestina xiebao Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♀, China:Chongqing); Philodromidae Thorell, 1869: Apollophanes lujiani Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China:Guangxi) and Psellonus dawanqu Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Guangdong); Salticidae Blackwall, 1841: Coccorchestes spark Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, Indonesia, West Papua),Onomastus zhuwu Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Chongqing) and Synagelides huangxin Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Chongqing); Sparassidae Bertkau,1872: Thelcticopis chongzu Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Yunnan); Symphytognathidae Hickman,1931: Kirinua zhengqi Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♀, China: Guangxi); Synotaxidae Simon,1895: Tekellina haosiwen Lin & Li, sp.nov.(♂♀, China: Chongqing) and T. huihangi Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Zhejiang);Theridiidae: Chrosiothes pengqi Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♀, China: Chongqing), Coscinida hantao Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Chongqing), Gushangzao goemon Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, Japan,Iriomotejima Island), Theridion chenzhangfui Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Zhejiang) and Yaginumena xuanzan Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Chongqing); Theridiosomatidae Simon,1881: Coddingtonia chenyufengi Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♀, Vietnam: Hai Phong) and Sennin zhangxinae Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, Vietnam: Hai Phong); Zodariidae Thorell, 1881: Mallinella zhoushengboi Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Chongqing). Four new combinations in three spider families are proposed: Philodromidae: Psellonus kianganensis(Barrion & Litsinger, 1995) comb. nov.; Theridiidae: Gushangzao pelorosus(Zhu, 1998) comb. nov. and Dictynidae: Langlibaitiao chishuiensis(Zhang, Yang & Zhang, 2009) comb. nov. and L. inaffectus(Li, 2017) comb. nov.
摘要: The spectacled flying-fox Pteropus conspicillatus population has declined by 75% in two decades to become endangered. This systematic review, the first since 2011, updates knowledge of the species and identifies pressing issues in its conservation, some not recognized previously. Gaps in knowledge have been identified and, where appropriate, species phylogenetically close to P. conspicillatus have been used to inform better understanding of the focal species. Extreme heat events are now a lethal reality, habitat loss and declining condition continue, pressure to disperse roosts is pervasive, and conservation is affected by false perceptions of the species' impacts. Averting threats to this species and obtaining resources to help it recover are urgent. Priorities for action should now include surveys and characterization of roosts; modeling future heat events to inform recovery priorities; physiological studies to determine heat tolerances; developing a population growth model to inform targets for population recovery; reinstating systematic population counts; improving monitoring methods; tracking individuals over time to understand habitat use; improving understanding of diets; restoring and managing roosts in accordance with research and best practice; and improving knowledge of diseases. The article updates and revises known diet species and the number of roosts used by P. conspicillatus in Australia.