摘要: As the largest continent in the world, bound by the Pacific, Indian, and Arctic Oceans and the Mediterranean Sea, Asia is well-endowed in its geological and biological diversity. Not surprisingly, spiders abound in the vast expanses of its tropic and temperate forests, lofty mountain ranges and plateaus, and flood plains of its many river systems.

摘要: Four new genera in three spider families are reported, namely Langlibaitiao Lin &Li, gen. nov., of Dictynidae O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871, with Lathys inaffecta Li, 2017(♂♀,China: Guangxi) as the type species; Huoyanluo Lin & Li, gen. nov., of Macrobunidae Petrunkevitch, 1928, with Huoyanluo ruanxiaoqi Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂, China: Yunnan) as the type species and Gushangzao Lin & Li, gen. nov. and Gyro Lin & Li, gen. nov., of Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833, with Gushangzao shiqian Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Xizang) and Gyro zeppeli Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♀, China: Yunnan) as the type species, respectively. Further 31 new species in 19 spider families are reported, including Agelenidae C.L. Koch, 1837:Troglocoelotes doul Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♀, China: Guangxi) and T. ruanxiaowu Lin & Li, sp.nov.(♀, China: Guangxi); Dictynidae: Langlibaitiao zhangshun Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂, China:Hainan); Hahniidae Bertkau, 1878: Hahnia zhuyifani Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♀, China: Yunnan);Liocranidae Simon, 1897: Platnick xintongi Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Xizang);Macrobunidae: Funny yanqing Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Xizang) and Huoyanluo zhangzezhongi Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂, China: Yunnan); Mysmenidae Petrunkevitch, 1928:Phricotelus yangxiong Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Chongqing); Nemesiidae Simon, 1889:Raveniola shixiu Lin, Wang & Li, sp. nov.(♀, China: Guangxi) and R. xiezhen Lin, Wang & Li,sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Yunnan); Nesticidae Simon,1894: Speleoticus sicet Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀,China: Sichuan); Ochyroceratidae Fage, 1912: Speocera yiduoi Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂, China:Guangdong); Oecobiidae Blackwall, 1862: Uroctea chenyui Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China:Guangxi); Oonopidae Simon, 1890: Orchestina xiebao Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♀, China:Chongqing); Philodromidae Thorell, 1869: Apollophanes lujiani Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China:Guangxi) and Psellonus dawanqu Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Guangdong); Salticidae Blackwall, 1841: Coccorchestes spark Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, Indonesia, West Papua),Onomastus zhuwu Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Chongqing) and Synagelides huangxin Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Chongqing); Sparassidae Bertkau,1872: Thelcticopis chongzu Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Yunnan); Symphytognathidae Hickman,1931: Kirinua zhengqi Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♀, China: Guangxi); Synotaxidae Simon,1895: Tekellina haosiwen Lin & Li, sp.nov.(♂♀, China: Chongqing) and T. huihangi Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Zhejiang);Theridiidae: Chrosiothes pengqi Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♀, China: Chongqing), Coscinida hantao Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Chongqing), Gushangzao goemon Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, Japan,Iriomotejima Island), Theridion chenzhangfui Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Zhejiang) and Yaginumena xuanzan Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Chongqing); Theridiosomatidae Simon,1881: Coddingtonia chenyufengi Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♀, Vietnam: Hai Phong) and Sennin zhangxinae Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, Vietnam: Hai Phong); Zodariidae Thorell, 1881: Mallinella zhoushengboi Lin & Li, sp. nov.(♂♀, China: Chongqing). Four new combinations in three spider families are proposed: Philodromidae: Psellonus kianganensis(Barrion & Litsinger, 1995) comb. nov.; Theridiidae: Gushangzao pelorosus(Zhu, 1998) comb. nov. and Dictynidae: Langlibaitiao chishuiensis(Zhang, Yang & Zhang, 2009) comb. nov. and L. inaffectus(Li, 2017) comb. nov.

摘要: 近年来，黑腹果蝇（Drosophila melanogaster）的电子显微镜连接组研究取得重大突破，提供了全脑尺度下突触分辨率的神经环路图谱。本文综述果蝇电子显微镜连接组数据库从脑区局部重建到全脑完整绘制的发展历程，重点总结其在解析神经环路研究领域三大核心问题中发挥的作用：在感觉信息编码方面，以视觉系统为例揭示运动检测与颜色处理的机制；在行为决策方面，阐明雌蝇交配与产卵抉择的环路基础；在运动控制方面，解析雄蝇求偶歌曲模式生成的神经机制。这些成果揭示了结构连接与功能特化的关系和信息分级整合与并行-层级控制的机制，在极大程度上深化了对神经环路“结构-功能”关系的理解。文末展望电子显微镜连接组在跨物种比较、全脑动态网络建模及计算-实验融合等方向运用的潜力，这些探索有助于推动神经科学从局部推测转向全脑精准解析的范式革新，为复杂生物连接组研究提供技术模板与理论锚点，搭建基础神经环路与人类神经疾病的研究桥梁，并为类脑智能计算提供生物原型，为探索神经系统的进化规律和工作机制提供重要启示。

摘要: Climate change is shifting the ranges of many species, such as northern (Glaucomys sabrinus) and southern (Glaucomys volans) flying squirrels, and changing survival rates at range limits. Gaps in knowledge about vital rates exist for both species however, with no studies assessing sympatric populations. We undertook a study to address this gap, expecting higher survival for northern flying squirrels due to a slower life history. Using mark-recapture data from a long-term study of sympatric populations, we investigated survival rates and the effects of winter temperatures and mast seed abundance on these rates. Apparent annual survival was nearly equivalent during 2019–2023 (0.20 and 0.19 for northern and southern flying squirrels, respectively). We did not observe strong effects of acorn abundance or winter temperature on survival of either species. Our information will help with modeling to assess anticipated changes in the future as a result of ongoing climate warming.

摘要: 本文以黑腹果蝇（Drosophila melanogaster）心侧体（corpora cardiaca）为轴心，构建“发育—分泌—调控—功能”四维框架，系统梳理了其在糖代谢稳态中的核心作用。果蝇遗传工具成熟、基因与人类高度同源，是研究能量平衡的理想模型；心侧体与胰岛素合成细胞（insulin-producing cells,IPCs）分别对应脊椎动物胰腺α/β细胞，通过类胰高血糖素-脂动激素（adipokinetic hormone,AKH）和果蝇胰岛素样肽（Drosophila insulin-like peptides,DILPs）共同调控血淋巴葡萄糖和海藻糖的浓度。本文首先论述了心侧体的发育过程：心侧体起源于头部中胚层，经胚胎定型、幼虫扩增、蛹期重塑和成虫融合等过程，最终形成环绕食管的双叶结构；sine oculis、glass、Notch、dpp、hh等基因和信号通路以严格的时空模式控制该过程，其中任一节点突变均会导致心侧体缺失或功能缺陷。心侧体可以接受来自外部的调控，整合营养物质、脑-肠分泌因子等多重输入。饥饿时，细胞表面的葡萄糖感受器可直接感知低血糖并促进AKH释放；肠内分泌细胞通过抑咽侧体神经肽A(allatostatin A,AstA)、鞣化激素α(bursicon α)、神经肽F(neuropeptide F,NPF)等肽类对心侧体施加正/负反馈；脑多巴胺（dopamine,DA）、色素趋散因子（pigment-dispersing factor,PDF）与DILP1/2形成神经-内分泌拮抗，以精细调节AKH的释放。心侧体主要释放三类分子：AKH经AKH受体（adipokinetic hormone receptor,AKHR）-环磷酸腺苷（cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP）-蛋白激酶A(protein kinase A,PKA)途径动员脂肪体糖原与甘油三酯；抑胰岛素激素（limostatin,Lst）经其受体抑制IPCs分泌DILPs；胰岛素拮抗剂蛋白2(imaginal morphogenesis protein-late 2,ImpL2)拮抗DILPs并抑制雷帕霉素靶标（target of rapamycin,TOR）通路，从而耦合营养状态与发育进程。AKH/AKHR轴在饥饿、高脂或热胁迫下驱动糖/脂动用及觅食亢进；促前胸腺激素（prothoracicotropic hormone,PTTH）与ImpL2介导心侧体-前胸腺轴，确保临界体重后蜕皮激素适时释放；心侧体轴突支配嗉囊，调节排空速率；AKH-叉头盒蛋白O(forkhead box O,FoxO)-小腹侧神经元（small ventral lateral neurons,s-LNv）环路抑制饥饿诱导的睡眠丧失，维持昼夜稳态。本文综述了心侧体的发育机制、分泌激素的作用机制以及与其他组织的相互作用，不仅有助于学者对昆虫能量稳态的调控机制的理解，还能为无脊椎动物代谢紊乱和相关疾病研究提供新的思路和靶点。

摘要: Major depressive disorder(MDD) is a debilitating psychiatric condition associated with substantial personal,societal, and economic costs. Despite considerable advances in research, most conventional antidepressant therapies fail to achieve adequate response in a significant proportion of patients, underscoring the need for novel,mechanism-based interventions. Lycium barbarum glycopeptide(Lb Gp), a bioactive compound with emerging neuroprotective properties, has been proposed as a candidate for antidepressant development; however, its therapeutic efficacy and underlying mechanisms remain largely uncharacterized. In this study, ventral forebrain organoids were generated from patients with MDD to investigate disease-related neurophysiological abnormalities. These organoids exhibited disrupted neuronal morphology, diminished calcium signaling, and impaired electrophysiological activity. Administration of Lb Gp effectively restored structural and functional deficits in MDD-derived organoids. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that Lb Gp ameliorated endoplasmic reticulum(ER) stress responses. To investigate the causative role of ER stress, control organoids were treated with the ER stress agonist CCT020312, which elicited neural activity impairments resembling those observed in MDD organoids. Notably, Lb Gp reversed the phenotypic consequences of CCT020312 exposure in control organoids. In conclusion, ventral forebrain organoids derived from individuals with MDD demonstrated that Lb Gp ameliorates disease-associated phenotypes by modulating ER stress.

摘要: 转座子（transposable elements,TEs）是基因组中可移动的DNA序列，在物种演化、基因组稳定性及基因调控中扮演关键角色。黑腹果蝇（Drosophila melanogaster）作为经典模式动物，其基因组中TEs占比约20%，是研究TEs的生物学特性、宿主防御机制及功能演化的理想模型，也为理解高等生物乃至人类TEs相关疾病的机制提供了重要范式。本文系统阐述了黑腹果蝇中TEs的分类、分布特征及其与宿主基因组的动态互作，重点探讨了以PIWI相互作用RNA(PIWI-interacting RNA,piRNA)通路为核心的宿主防御系统。接着，本文详细解析了黑腹果蝇中关键TEs家族（如Gypsy、Copia、P-element、I-element）的生物学特性及其在基因组进化中的双重作用：一方面，TEs插入可引发基因组不稳定、杂种不育及衰老表型，为研究相关人类疾病（如神经退行性疾病、基因组不稳定综合征等）提供了模型基础；另一方面，其序列可被宿主驯化（co-option）为新型调控元件或功能基因，驱动适应性创新。最后，本文还展望了TEs未来研究方向，包括环境应激对TEs活性的调控、piRNA通路与其他小RNA系统的交互，以及TEs在衰老和神经退行性疾病发生发展中的调控效应。黑腹果蝇TEs的研究不仅深化了人们对TEs生物学的理解，其揭示的保守机制和原理，还为利用实验动物模型研究人类疾病、开发基因治疗和基因编辑技术提供了关键理论基础和重要启示。

摘要: 本栏目上期文章《非动物实验替代知多少》^[1]系统介绍了目前非动物实验替代的方法及其适用范围。本文将详细介绍其中的皮肤致敏“定义性方法”（即TG 497），以期让读者进一步了解动物实验替代的这一里程碑，以及现阶段动物实验完全被替代的重要突破与潜在困境。

摘要: 活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)是一类由于氧分子不完全氧化而形成的含氧自由基或容易形成氧自由基的过氧化物的总称。当昆虫受到病原入侵时,由双氧化酶(dual oxidase,DUOX)介导的ROS防御系统会迅速反应,产生大量的ROS以抵御病原菌的入侵,进而在调控昆虫免疫防御过程中发挥作用;但高水平的ROS会破坏细胞内的蛋白质、DNA、脂质等生物大分子,从而导致昆虫细胞损伤,影响昆虫正常发育。为了避免受到过度氧化应激的损害,昆虫已经形成了一整套以抗氧化酶和小分子抗氧化剂为主体的抗氧化防御系统来避免过度损伤的发生。有趣的是,细胞中ROS水平的改变还能够在昆虫寿命调控中发挥截然不同的作用:对某些昆虫中大量ROS的积累可导致寿命缩短,而对于另外一些昆虫高生理水平的ROS存在又可诱导滞育的发生进而延长其寿命。近年来,ROS在昆虫寿命调控机制方面的研究取得了较多的进展。因此,本文全面地综述了昆虫ROS的来源与产生的影响因素、ROS介导的防御机制,并首次对ROS在昆虫寿命调控中的具体作用进行了总结与展望,以期为后续开展ROS相关主题的研究提供参考。

摘要: The Hengduan Mountains Region(HMR)in China, a globally significant biodiversity hotspot,has garnered attention for its potential to harbor cryptic species within the Asian pit viper genus Gloydius Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981. Based on comprehensive morphological comparisons and molecular phylogenetic analysis of the Gloydius strauchi complex, this study identified a previously unrecognized species of Asian pit viper. Discovered in the upper Lancang(Mekong) hot dry valley of Xizang,China, this species is geographically proximate to G.huangi but exhibits clear morphological distinctions from other members of the genus, representing the second Gloydius species identified along the upper Lancang River. We describe here this new species and highlight the significance of skull and hemipenis morphology, which were instrumental in its diagnosis and in resolving taxonomic boundaries and ambiguities within the G. strauchi complex. This study provides insights into the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history of this newly described species, enhancing our understanding of diversification patterns in this genus.