摘要: Biological invasions threaten water resources worldwide owing to interrelated biological and anthropogenic drivers of change. Though the role of people in the (un)intentional spread of aquatic invasive species is increasingly recognized as a priority, there are widespread assumptions about the importance of public awareness in explaining biosecurity behaviors. A disconnect exists between what people think and what they do-as articulated by the simple but powerful knowledge-action gap-that warrants attention to clarify how environmental social science research can most effectively advance invasive species prevention. Using survey data collected from aquarium hobbyists in the U.S. state of Illinois, we investigated the role of belief systems in shaping intentions to engage in biosecurity behaviors, such as purchasing only native species as pets. We also examined how beliefs were rooted in multiple forms of knowledge. Self-efficacy was the strongest driver of intended biosecurity behavior, whereas both perceived benefits and risk perceptions were instrumental in explaining hobbyists' decisions. Beliefs were informed by two types of reported knowledge, which in turn, were influenced by a range of information sources. Our results suggest that a more nuanced conceptualization of public awareness is urgently needed given its critical but often misunderstood role in the formation of beliefs that influence participation in biosecurity behaviors. Knowledge of both biological invasions and biosecurity behaviors, in addition to information sources, needs to be distinguished in future research. These multiple forms of knowledge serve as the foundation for belief systems that activate behavior change among aquarium hobbyists. We also argue that science communication and outreach campaigns that highlight the risks of invasive species while strengthening selfefficacy and perceived benefits of prevention will be the most effective pathways for fostering hobbyist engagement in biosecurity behaviors.

摘要: Members of the genus Hypotrichidium are adapted to a planktonic lifestyle and are characterized among hypotrichs by their unique pyriform body with pointed tail and spiral cirral rows around the whole body. During a survey of Korean freshwater ciliates, we discovered a new Hypotrichidium species that changes its cortical granules color. Observations on the morphology and behavior of Hypotrichidium bichromum n. sp. revealed several other unusual features such as the polymorphic life cycle and cannibalistic behavior. When grown in a fresh culture, well-nourished specimens are characterized by a pyriform body, yellow cortical granules, and two macronuclear nodules. In declining cultures, two morphologically different morphs occur, both with ruby-red cortical granules: (1) a well-nourished morph with a pyriform body and 2-4 macronuclear nodules, which shows a cannibalistic behavior feeding on other well-nourished cells, encysting cells, and reorganizers; (2) a fast-swimming, non-feeding morph with slender body, two macronuclear nodules, and highly degenerated undulating membranes. The complete ontogenetic process of the new species is described to show the origin of each structure. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses based on 18S rRNA gene sequences show that the new species is placed in a clade containing sequences of three congeners.

摘要: To investigate the effect of oxidized fish oil on fish muscle metabolic responses and flesh quality, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) weighing 13.73 f 0.31 g were fed two diets for 12 weeks: a fresh fish oil (FFO) and a highly oxidized fish oil (OFO) diet. The peroxide value of the FFO and OFO diets was 2.2 meq/kg and 120.6 meq/kg, respectively. The OFO diet resulted in a decrease in growth, muscularity, nutritional value of fatty acids in the muscle, and density of myofibers. In the OFO group, the mRNA expression levels of lipolysis genes including lipoprotein lipase (lpl) and hormone-sensitive lipase (hsl) in the muscle were upregulated compared with the FFO group, while, the mRNA expression level of acetyl CoA carboxylase was downregulated. Additionally, under the positive ion mode, the levels of DHA deposition in phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidyl ethanolamine were reduced in the muscle of the OFO group compared to the FFO group. A total of 68 proteins were identified in the muscle, of which 42 were up-regulated and 26 were down-regulated. The KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the major pathways of the differentially abundant proteins were the Wnt signaling pathway, TGF-beta signaling pathway, and proteoglycans in cancer. In summary, the OFO diet negatively affected growth, muscularity, and nutritional value. It also inhibited the transformation of myofiber types and led to the apoptosis of myofibers.

摘要: Phosphorus is a plant nutrient that is the main driving force of eutrophication, a serious type of water pollution. Various techniques and materials have been used to identify cost-effective, environmentally friendly options for phosphate removal. Eggshell waste is a good natural source of calcium, which is an effective adsorbent for phosphate removal. Many studies have examined pure eggshell, eggshell chemically modified with metal salts, and calcined eggshell mixed with biochar for phosphate removal. Here, most research on eggshell-based phosphate removal is reviewed to clarify the effectiveness of different types of modifications. Adsorption isotherm and kinetics models are the best methods for identifying the mechanism of adsorption, and both pure and modified eggshell have been characterized to understand the morphological and structural changes after adsorption. Furthermore, the phosphate-loaded material could be used as a fertilizer if it is not modified with harmful or toxic material. Eggshell-based adsorbents may provide cheaper, ecofriendly adsorbents for phosphate removal.

摘要: Animals exhibit remarkable behavioral and molecular adaptations to cope with thermal stressors, which are crucial for survival in variable environments that are exacerbated by climate change. Aquatic poikilotherms like our model organism-the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis-face significant challenges due to their dependence on external temperatures. Our study provides valuable insights into the different behavioral and molecular responses of lab-inbred snails to cold and heat shock stressors (i.e., 4 degrees C and 30 degrees C), particularly in the context of learning and memory formation. We found that while short-term (1 h) cold exposure transiently upregulated the expression levels of HSP70 and HSP40 in the snail's central ring ganglia, prolonged cold exposure (24 h) resulted in a significant downregulation of LymMIPII and an upregulation of LymMIPR. These data suggest, albeit at the transcriptional level, the existence of a negative feedback loop necessary for sustaining cellular functions when metabolic demands might shift towards conserving energy during prolonged cold exposure. At the behavioral level, we found that, compared to heat shock, cold exposure did not result in a Garcia effect (i.e., a special form of conditioned taste aversion). The difference in memory outcomes was associated with changes in the expression levels of selected targets involved in neuronal plasticity and the stress response. While both cold and heat shock upregulated the HSP levels in the snail's central ring ganglia, cold exposure did not affect the expression levels of the neuroplasticity genes LymGRIN1 and LymCREB1, contrasting with heat shock's neurogenic effects. Overall, this study provides insights into L. stagnalis's adaptive responses to thermal stressors, emphasizing different molecular strategies for coping with heat versus cold challenges in aquatic environments. These findings contribute to our understanding of thermal biology and stress physiology in aquatic organisms, underscoring the importance of molecular mechanisms in shaping species'resilience in dynamic environments.

摘要: For mobile animals such as fish, different habitat types at various life stages are required to support a broad range of ecological requirements. However, in urban areas, access to suitable habitat may be impeded. Moreover, rehabilitation efforts focused on urban waterbodies are infrequent, small-scale, and inadequately monitored. We characterized the connectivity of the fish community between the Jock River in eastern Ontario and a rehabilitated stormwater management pond during late spring. Passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags were implanted into over 800 individual fish, representing sixteen species with a wide range of body sizes and life-histories. Summer residency and behavior were assessed using detections from an array of autonomous PIT receiver stations. This research revealed that there is ecological connectivity between an adjacent rehabilitated stormwater pond and the Jock River. Some species were resident in the pond during the entire summer monitoring period while others such as sunfish (Lepomis sp.) and rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris) made regular forays between the river and the pond. There was also evidence of significant movement within the pond for species such as golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas) and northern pike (Esox lucius). This study demonstrates the potential for created habitats in floodplain areas initially intended for stormwater management to be rehabilitated to provide significant ecological value in urbanized watersheds.

摘要: In the aquatic microbial food web, scuticociliates are diverse and predominant in almost all kinds of biotopes while extremely confused regarding their taxonomy and systematic relationships within the subclass Scuticociliatia. Here we provide detailed descriptions of two new and one known species, Glauconema sinica sp. nov., Pleuronema parasetigerum sp. nov., and Histiobalantium natans viridis, isolated from a freshwater wetland in northern China, along with their molecular phylogeny based on SSU rRNA gene sequences. Our results show: (1) both molecular and morphological data strongly support that the isolated lineage containing the genera Glauconema, Miamiensis, Paramesanophrys, and Anophryoides should be identified as a new taxon at the family level in the order Philasterida; hence, a new family, Glauconematidae fam. nov., is established. This new family is mainly characterized by the polymorphic life cycle of its members (macrostome and microstome stages); the trophont (or macrostome) has closely spaced membranelles 1-3, whereas in the tomite (or microstome) membranelle 1 is distant from membranelle 2. (2) Phylogenetic analyses using novel data for these species revealed that all three cluster with their congeners, supporting the validity of the genera to which they belong. Molecular information also supports the monophyly of the two main scuticociliate orders Pleuronematida and Philasterida.

摘要: The Really Interesting New Gene (RING) ubiquitin E3 ligase family comprises a large number of members and plays a crucial role in the antiviral process. RING finger protein 115 (RNF115), also known as BCA2, Rabring7, or ZNF364, is a novel RING domain protein. In this paper, we cloned the RNF115 homologue from black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) and characterized it. The open reading frame of black carp RNF115 contains 933 nucleotides and encodes 310 amino acids. The C-terminal RING domain of RNF115 is highly conserved among various homologous species. Immunofluorescence assays revealed the cytoplasmic and nuclear distribution of RNF115 in the presence or absence of spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) infection. Overexpression of RNF115 impaired interferon (IFN) and the related interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) mRNA expression, while upregulating SVCV replication. Ex vivo knockdown of RNF115 offered the host cells enhanced antiviral signaling. In vivo knockdown of RNF115 also strengthened black carp's antiviral capacity. Additionally, the results of a dualluciferase reporter assay, plaque assay, and qRT-PCR assay demonstrated that co-transfection of RNF115 with IRF3/7 reduced IRF3/7-induced IFN transcription and antiviral ability. The association between RNF115 and IRF3/7 was detected by co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence assays. Co-transfection of RNF115 with IRF3/7 also reduced the protein levels of IRF3/7, which were rescued by MG132. The enhanced K48-linked ubiquitination of IRF3/7 under the condition of RNF115 co-transfection implied the ubiquitin/proteasome degradation pathway catalyzed by RNF115. Cysteine 238 and 241 in the RING domain are the main enzyme active sites for RNF115, and the mutant C238/241A lost most of its ability to restrict IRF3/7. In conclusion, black carp RNF115 dampens IRF3/7-mediated IFN signaling through facilitating the ubiquitination and degradation of IRF3/7, which sheds light on the regulation of IFN signaling.

摘要: In this study, we recorded the noise radiating from a wind farm and evaluated its potential impact on the fishes and Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) residing in the Pearl River Estuary. The pile driving pulses, recorded 30 m from the construction site, had a mean zero-to-peak sound pressure level of 195.1 dB (re 1 mu Pa) (n 1/4 238), exceeding the hearing thresholds of both fishes and Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins. The operational noise from the wind farm was significantly lower in amplitude; therefore, our analysis primarily focused on the radiation of pile driving noise. Acoustic measurements taken at three different distances during pile driving events supported the development of an acoustic propagation model, which was then used to predict the sound exposure levels of pile driving pulses radiating from 5 m below the water surface. By referring to established noise exposure metrics, we estimated an impact zone of 12.8 m for fishes. For the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins, the permanent and temporary threshold shift zones were predicted to be 32.4 m and 580.9 m, respectively. Our findings underscore the importance of increasing our understanding on hearing sensitivities of the local inhabitants in the Pearl River Estuary and identify their core habitats. This approach enabled us to use the model to estimate impact zones and better protect the local marine life from the effects of pile driving noise radiation.

摘要: Dimensional data directly reflects the growth rate of individual fish, an important economic trait of interest to fish researchers. Efficiently obtaining large-scale fish dimension data would be valuable for both selective breeding and production. To address this, our study proposes a custom dimension measurement method for fish using the YOLOv5-keypoint framework with multi-attention mechanisms. We optimized the YOLOv5 framework, incorporated the SimAM attention mechanism to achieve more accurate and faster fish detection, and added customizable landmarks to the network structure, enabling flexible configuration of the number and location of feature points in the training dataset. This method is applicable to various aquacultural species and other objects. We tested the effectiveness of the method using the economically important grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). The proposed method outperforms pure YOLOv5, Faster R-CNN, and SSD in terms of precision and recall rates, achieving an impressive average precision of 0.9781. Notably, field trials confirmed the method's exceptional measurement accuracy, exceeding 97% compatibility with manual measurements, while demonstrating a realtime speed of 38 frames per second on the NVIDIA RTX A4000. This enables efficient and accurate large-scale surface dimension measurements of economic fish. To facilitate massive measurements in agricultural research, we have implemented this method as an online platform, called Mode-recognition Ruler (MrRuler, http://bioinf o.ihb.ac.cn/mrruler). The platform identifies objects in a single image at an average speed of 0.486 f 0.005 s, based on a dataset of 10,000 images. MrRuler includes two preset carp models and allows users to upload training datasets for custom models of their targets of interest.