摘要: We studied seasonal changes of habitat characteristics and use by Reeves'muntjac(Muntiacus reevesi)in the Zhoushan Archipelago,Zhejiang Province,China from March to November 2008. We established 228 sample plots using fresh traces as the indicator. Ten ecological factors that we presumed affect deer habitat use were measured:vegetation type,percent tree cover,percent shrub cover,percent grass cover,slope,aspect,position on slope,elevation,distance to water,and distance to human disturbance. We found that Muntiacus reevesi lived mainly in hills,occasionally feeding in sloping fields and farmlands. In spring,muntjacs used broadleaf forest,shrub forest,farmland and sloping fields at low elevation,with low percentages of shrub and tree cover (<50%). The habitats were normally located at middle and low positions on slopes with a human disturbance distance less than 150m. In autumn,muntjacs used broadleaf forest and sloping field at low elevation with 75%～100% of tree cover and less than 50% shrub cover. These habitats were located at middle and upper positions on slopes with a distance of more than 400 m from the nearest water and human disturbance. Reeves'muntjacs in the Zhoushan Archipelago are limited by human disturbance,the scarcity of water and food,and limited space.
摘要: 利用牛DRB3特异性引物(LA31和LA32),通过聚合酶链式反应(PCR)、单链构象多态性(SSCP)以及克隆测序技术,从12只黄麂个体中共获得20个DRB第二外显子等位基因,其中6个个体具有3～4个等位基因,提示利用该引物从黄麂中至少可以扩增出2个DRB位点。所有序列均无插入、缺失和终止密码子。基于序列比对(与牛DRB3和鹿科DRB基因同源性非常高),以及所检测到的氨基酸变异位点主要位于抗原结合区,推测本文所获得的黄麂序列为表达的、且具有重要功能的DRB位点。抗原结合区氨基酸位点的非同义替换(dN)显著大于同义替换(dS)(P<0.01),说明历史上黄麂DRB基因经历过正选择作用。CODMEL程序中的模型M7和M8似然比检测(Likelihood ratio test,LRT)结果同样支持上述推论。进一步利用经验贝叶斯法准确地检测出6个受正选择作用的氨基酸位点(位点11、37、61、67、71、86),其中的5个位点位于PBR区。因此,正选择作用可能是维持黄麂DRB基因多态性的主要机制之一。基于DRB外显子2序列利用邻接法(NJ)构建了部分偶蹄动物系统发生关系,在NJ树上,黄麂DRB基因与其它鹿科动物DRB基因呈镶嵌式分布,提示跨物种进化是维持黄麂DRB基因多态性的另一重要机制。此外,黄麂两个等位基因(Mure-DRB1和Mure-DRB11)和马鹿的两个等位基因(Ceel-DRB34和Ceel-DRB46)与牛科的等位基因构成一个独立的进化枝,说明黄麂和马鹿的某些DRB基因具有非常古老的谱系。
摘要: The gene of 12S rRNA exhibits a high degree of conservation during animal evolution. Its sequence shows partial difference among species but little variation among individuals of the same species. Therefore, the 12S rRNA could be used to perform intra-and inter-specific identification studies. All the deer of genus Muntiacus become endangered due to excessive poaching and thus protected by Chinas Wildlife Protection Law at the national and provincial level. In this study, we employed the sequencing of 12S rRNA to identify two confiscated samples and found out that the two samples were Muntiacus crinifons and Muntiacus reevesi, respectively. The sequence of the 12S rRNA adopted in this study proved to be a suitable genetic marker for species identification of conservation animals.