摘要: 通过对皖南山区和大别山区的101个小麂的线粒体D-loop区770bp序列的分析,探讨了两个种群的遗传多样性、有效种群大小、历史种群动态和种群间的基因流模式。在101个D-loop区序列中共发现34个单倍型,其中24个分布在皖南种群,10个分布在大别山种群,种群间无共享单倍型。皖南种群线粒体遗传多样性(h=0.952,π=0.0168)明显高于大别山种群(h=0.734,π=0.0077),雌性有效种群(NE=146830)亦大于大别山(NE=19840)。通过歧点分布分析表明在更新世第四间冰期,小麂皖南种群经历过一次大规模的种群扩张事件(在约15.7万年前)。基因流的分析结果显示皖南种群和大别山种群间存在着明显不对等的基因流(MWN→DB=0.36;MDB→WN=75.00)。这种不对称的基因流模式可能反映出在晚更新世冰期循环中,作为天然地理屏障的长江在盛冰期和间冰期对物种扩散的阻隔能力上的差异。

摘要: We studied seasonal changes of habitat characteristics and use by Reeves'muntjac(Muntiacus reevesi)in the Zhoushan Archipelago,Zhejiang Province,China from March to November 2008. We established 228 sample plots using fresh traces as the indicator. Ten ecological factors that we presumed affect deer habitat use were measured:vegetation type,percent tree cover,percent shrub cover,percent grass cover,slope,aspect,position on slope,elevation,distance to water,and distance to human disturbance. We found that Muntiacus reevesi lived mainly in hills,occasionally feeding in sloping fields and farmlands. In spring,muntjacs used broadleaf forest,shrub forest,farmland and sloping fields at low elevation,with low percentages of shrub and tree cover (<50%). The habitats were normally located at middle and low positions on slopes with a human disturbance distance less than 150m. In autumn,muntjacs used broadleaf forest and sloping field at low elevation with 75%～100% of tree cover and less than 50% shrub cover. These habitats were located at middle and upper positions on slopes with a distance of more than 400 m from the nearest water and human disturbance. Reeves'muntjacs in the Zhoushan Archipelago are limited by human disturbance,the scarcity of water and food,and limited space.

摘要: 利用牛DRB3特异性引物(LA31和LA32),通过聚合酶链式反应(PCR)、单链构象多态性(SSCP)以及克隆测序技术,从12只黄麂个体中共获得20个DRB第二外显子等位基因,其中6个个体具有3～4个等位基因,提示利用该引物从黄麂中至少可以扩增出2个DRB位点。所有序列均无插入、缺失和终止密码子。基于序列比对(与牛DRB3和鹿科DRB基因同源性非常高),以及所检测到的氨基酸变异位点主要位于抗原结合区,推测本文所获得的黄麂序列为表达的、且具有重要功能的DRB位点。抗原结合区氨基酸位点的非同义替换(dN)显著大于同义替换(dS)(P<0.01),说明历史上黄麂DRB基因经历过正选择作用。CODMEL程序中的模型M7和M8似然比检测(Likelihood ratio test,LRT)结果同样支持上述推论。进一步利用经验贝叶斯法准确地检测出6个受正选择作用的氨基酸位点(位点11、37、61、67、71、86),其中的5个位点位于PBR区。因此,正选择作用可能是维持黄麂DRB基因多态性的主要机制之一。基于DRB外显子2序列利用邻接法(NJ)构建了部分偶蹄动物系统发生关系,在NJ树上,黄麂DRB基因与其它鹿科动物DRB基因呈镶嵌式分布,提示跨物种进化是维持黄麂DRB基因多态性的另一重要机制。此外,黄麂两个等位基因(Mure-DRB1和Mure-DRB11)和马鹿的两个等位基因(Ceel-DRB34和Ceel-DRB46)与牛科的等位基因构成一个独立的进化枝,说明黄麂和马鹿的某些DRB基因具有非常古老的谱系。

摘要: For a long time, illegal poaching was a big challenge in wildlife conservation. In some cases, in which unambiguous morphological evidence was absent, it was difficult to identify the correct species, so the judicial process was impeded. In the present study, identification of species is possible by DNA sequencing of the material, especially a partial DNA sequence of the cytochrome b gene. Four cooked muscle samples that were suspected as coming from wildlife were collected from four different cities. DNA was extracted from the muscle samples, then a fragment of cytochrome b was amplified with the universal primers L14724 and H15149. PCR products were purified and sequenced, and four sequences of 393 to 405 bp were determined. They shared the same haplotype. After blasting, sequences were compared with the sequences of eight related species registered in GenBank, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed by the neighbor-joining method. The results of genetic distance (K2P) analysis showed that the genetic distance between the unknown species and different species ranged from 0.00 (unknown samples vs Muntiacus reesesi) to 0.106 ( vs Cervus nippon). At the same time, these unknown samples of animal remains were identified by phylogenetic analysis with neighbor-joining tree, which shows that the samples and Muntiacus reeversi were clustered together in the system. On the basis of the case, some discussion was carried out on the key steps in the molecular genetic approach such as the choice of molecular markers and operational technique for molecular genetic diagnostic approach, and additionally, some conservation suggestions are put forward.

摘要: 从2005年11月5日至2006年1月21日,为了评估小麂和野猪的生境选择及其差异,我们在浙江清凉峰国家级自然保护区核心区共设置了248个样方群。研究发现,两者都选择平缓坡的灌丛植被、草本密度小、离住宅较近和离隐蔽物距离适中的生境,表现了它们的生境选择有一定的重叠性。但是它们也表现出生境选择的一些差异,小麂选择乔木密度适中、灌丛密度大和郁闭度适中的生境,而野猪选择乔木密度小的生境,随机地使用各类灌丛密度和郁闭度的生境。小麂还选择北坡、离水源距离较远的生境,野猪只是随机地使用不同的坡向和离水源距离的生境。分析两者共存的机制,我们发现小麂采取隐藏策略而野猪采取逃跑策略来避敌和利用资源,即它们之间存在与反捕食策略相关的生境选择差异。