摘要: 2005年7~8月我们在塔什库尔干自然保护区对马可波罗盘羊的种群数量进行了调查。首先走访当地居民和保护区工作人员,确定盘羊分布范围,然后根据地形和水系,将调查区域分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ4个区。在每个调查区域沿河谷和沟谷设置随机样线,步行、骑马或开车沿样线搜寻盘羊,记录群体数量、年龄、性别、栖息地类型。通过调查以盘羊所在地为中心、直径200m的圆形样方中的地形和生态因子,确定盘羊利用的栖息地特征值,建立马可波罗盘羊对栖息地利用的模型。以1∶50000的地形图建立调查地区的数字高程模型(DEM),用ArcView3.2的spatial analyst模块进行空间模拟与分析,计算出马可波罗盘羊分布区内符合模型中的海拔、坡度、坡向等要求的空间的范围和面积。通过计算每个调查地区的种群密度、适宜栖息地面积等数据,获得种群数量估计值,进而得到保护区内马可波罗盘羊的种群数量的估计值。调查结果表明,马可波罗盘羊分布在保护区西部达布达尔乡的皮斯岭、卡拉其古、赞坎沟等帕米尔高原地区;种群总数在1500~1700只;保护区内盘羊分布面积为4012.17km2,适宜栖息地面积只有641.16km2,可利用的栖息地仅482.67km2,仅占分布区的12.03%。过牧、栖息地破坏、非法狩猎、疫病和交流障碍是盘羊生存的主要威胁因子。建议通过调整保护区边界、恢复栖息地、防止疫病、加强宣传、开展多边合作等措施来加强马可波罗盘羊的保护问题。

摘要: 对一例自然感染住肉孢子虫的塔里木马鹿进行病理组织学观察。采集濒死期的塔里木马鹿心、肝、脾、肺、肾、骨骼肌、淋巴结、胃、肠等脏器,10%福尔马林固定,石蜡包埋,切片、H·E染色,作病理组织学观察。结果表明:各组织瘀血、出血,均有炎性细胞浸润,尤以嗜酸性粒细胞多见。在骨骼肌组织中观察到了住肉孢子虫包囊,在肾小球入球小动脉内皮细胞中有裂殖子存在,其余各组织未见不同发育阶段的虫体。

摘要: 用FSH对马鹿进行超数排卵,通过抽吸法和切割法采集卵泡卵母细胞,用M199为基础的培养液在38.5℃、5%CO2和饱和湿度条件下对马鹿卵母细胞进行体外培养与体外受精培养,利用透射电镜观察不同时期马鹿卵母细胞的超微结构,旨在揭示马鹿卵母细胞体外培养前、培养后及受精后超微结构的变化规律。结果表明,培养前卵丘细胞紧紧包围卵母细胞,卵母细胞表面的微绒毛细长,伸入透明带内,皮质区及细胞中心分布大量的细胞器。培养后卵丘细胞与卵母细胞结合松散,卵母细胞表面微绒毛短粗,倒伏于卵表面,第一极体无核,皮质颗粒在皮质区成层排列,细胞质中细胞器分布均匀。受精后卵母细胞表面的微绒毛由倒伏而竖起,第二极体有核,细胞质中细胞器丰富,主要分布于细胞中心。

摘要: 新疆马鹿(Cervus elaphus)有3个亚种(塔里木亚种C. e . yarkandensis、天山亚种C. e . songaricus和阿勒泰亚种C. e . sibiricus)。本文报道新疆马鹿3个亚种头骨形态学特征描述和14项形态学指标测定。被测定的指标主要有颅全长(GLC)、颜面长(FL)、鼻骨全长(GLN)、前头长( MFL)、眼窝长(OFW)、基底全长(CBL)、口盖最大幅(GPB)、前臼齿间距离(Pm-P)、眼间最小幅(ZB)、筋突起高(CH)、关筋突起高(LH)、牙齿间隙裂高(DH)、前下颚骨高(HMP2)、后下颚骨高(HMM3) ,采用主成分分析并在这3个亚种之间进行了比较。结果表明: 1)阿勒泰亚种的头骨长度和高度值比塔里木亚种大,宽度值比塔里木亚种小; 2)天山亚种的头骨大小一般处在塔里木亚种和阿勒泰亚种的中间,但三者之间没有显著性差异; 3)阿勒泰亚种和天山亚种的头骨形态测量数据比较接近,塔里木亚种的头骨形态比较特殊(塔里木亚种的头骨短而宽,明显区别于其他两亚种的特征)。在新疆导致马鹿3个亚种头骨形态差异的主要因素有栖息地环境和气候因素的差异。阿勒泰亚种和天山亚种栖息在大陆性气候寒冷区的针叶林中,冬天气候比较寒冷;塔里木亚种栖息在大陆性气候温热区的塔里木河流域胡杨林中,气候干旱炎热。因此,阿勒泰和天山亚种在适应寒冷的气候并适应生软食物的食性过程中头骨变成长细,而塔里木亚种长期适应干旱炎热并适应生硬食物的食性使头骨变的短而宽。

摘要: The morphological characteristics of the winter hair and summer hair of northeast subspecies of red deer(Cervus elaphus xanthopygus), sampled from the buttock, upper part of hind leg, lower part of hind leg and site above hoof. The samples were dealt with one by one by using cuticular impression and made into cuticular impression plexiglass. The length, diameter, medullar diameter, medullar index, ratio of scale height to width of the hair were measured and calculated through micrometer. The results indicated that the structural characteristics of hairs varied with the season and the sites where they were sampled. Parameters including hair length, diameter, medullar diameter and medullar index of winter hairs were larger than that of summer hairs. It indicated that the winter hair can reserve more air in the medulla than the summer hairs. The structure of the hair on the buttock was observed identity to those on the back and body-sides in our previous studies. So the results above suggested that the coat hair possess the function of thermal regulation. From the buttock to the far end of hind legs, the medullary diameter, medullary index and the ratio of scale height to width of the winter hair showed a trend of gradient descent, indicating that the mechanical strength of hair increased in this order to resist the mechanical injuries that were more frequently happened on far end of legs than the central body. These results above suggested that the hair differentiated to be poly-morphological to fit corresponding functions.