摘要: 捕食者与猎物的关系研究对了解物种捕食行为及种群空间格局具有重要意义。采用Avisoft Bioacoustics超声波仪录制马铁菊头蝠自然状态下的声波以确定其捕食活动强度,用灯诱法、扫网法和飞行阻隔法相结合采集昆虫,搜集蝙蝠粪便并分析其食物组成。结果表明,马铁菊头蝠在8月份活动最频繁,昆虫丰富度在8月份最丰富,马铁菊头蝠捕食活动与鳞翅目丰富度呈显著正相关。马铁菊头蝠主要以鳞翅目和鞘翅目为食,但食性存在明显的月份变化。卡方检验结果表明,马铁菊头蝠捕食的猎物与环境中可利用的昆虫猎物存在显著差异。在食物资源丰富时,马铁菊头蝠选择性地捕食营养丰富的鞘翅目昆虫。

摘要: 2007年12月至2008年1月,在贺兰山地区,利用痕迹检验法和直接观察法对马鹿阿拉善亚种的冬季取食和卧息生境选择进行研究。通过在选定的15条沟段里进行调查,共测定了72个取食利用样方,59个卧息利用样方和131个对照样方的18种生态因子。结果表明,马鹿在冬季偏好的取食地为平滑起伏坡,以酸枣、柳为优势乔木、混合型树林或空地,乔木高大稀疏、间距较远,灌木密度大,草本盖度较高,位于<15°的半阴半阳坡的下坡位,距裸岩远,隐蔽度高;偏好的卧息地在山地疏林草原带的平滑起伏坡上,以酸枣、柳为优势乔木、混合型树林或空地,乔木高大稀疏,灌木矮小、稀疏且距离较远,草本盖度较高,位于<15°阳坡的下坡位,远离裸岩,隐蔽程度高。马鹿冬季的取食和卧息生境在草本盖度和隐蔽度上差异极显著。相对于卧息生境,马鹿冬季的取食生境对草本盖度和隐蔽度要求更低一些。马鹿冬季取食地的资源选择函数为1.155-0.149×乔木高度-0.066×草本盖度+0.190×坡度,模型的正确判别率为86.8%;马鹿冬季卧息地的资源选择函数为-30.936+0.494×乔木高度+0.257×坡度-0.002×海拔高度+0.387×隐蔽度,模型的正确判别率为95.8%。食物、隐蔽条件以及贺兰山的独特地形特征是影响马鹿冬季取食和卧息生境选择的主要因素。

摘要: We analyzed 254 deaths caused by diseases in captive Alpine musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster) from 1998 to 2005 at the Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm,Gansu.Among the eight categories of diseases,respiratory system diseases had the highest incidence rate of 26.8%, followed by motor system diseases (16.5%), digestive and nutritive diseases (14.6%), unidentified diseases (14.2%),cardiovascular system diseases (13%),urinary system diseases (9.8%),nervous system diseases (3.5%), and reproductive system diseases (1.6%).The percentages of dead males were higher than those of the females for deaths caused by digestive system and nutritive diseases(♂62.2%),cardiovascular system diseases (60.6%), nervous system diseases (66.7%), unidentified diseases (61.1%), and particularly the urinary system diseases (up to 84%), and the male to female ratio of deaths caused by all the diseases was (♂∶♀) 1∶0.76, showing a male-skewed mortality. The mortality of newborn and fawns was relatively high, and the percentage of deaths in one-and two-year-old deer was 51.6% of the total, but those decreased with deer age. The relationship between the economic benefit in the farming of musk deer and the prevention of diseases were discussed. Finally, we offered a strategy to control the incidence of diseases by regarding the musk deer as a solitary species.

摘要: The annual musk production of captive alpine musk deer(Moschus chrysogaster)in Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm(E103°50′-104°10′,N35°38′-58′), Gansu, from 1996 to 2007, were analyzed in this paper. The results showed that: (1) The average musk production from 507 individuals was 8.8 g, with the highest 22.6 g and lowest 1.0 g; (2) The musk production of 76.9% individuals was within the range of 5-15 g;(3)The average musk production from 1.5 year group was the highest 10.3 g among all age groups, which might have resulted from the well-breeding to the young;(4) The distribution of the annual musk production since 1998 appeared to be a typical wave-shaped curve; (5)The average musk production (8.8 g) was lower than those reported by the other farms, and the main cause was probably the unbalanced rations,and (6) The annual average musk production (above 12 g) and harvest times (above 7 times) of a few individuals were relatively high, and it was suggested that the breeding program of musk deer should be emphasized in the future.

摘要: 2005年和2006年冬季,在黑龙江省完达山东部林区采用分层抽样技术,测定马鹿生境中主要食物的生物量供给量。通过食物营养成分分析,确定野外生境食物营养供给量。经饲喂实验,测定圈养马鹿冬季的日营养需求。结合研究地区马鹿生境食物资源类型,以干物质、代谢能和氮为基础估算了完达山东部林区野生马鹿的营养容纳量。研究结果表明:以干物质为估算基础,完达山东部林区冬季马鹿容纳量为11115±1419头,以代谢能为基础估算值为5845±1077头,而基于氮的计算结果为16958±2983头;显示该地区马鹿主要食物含氮量超出马鹿日平均需求量,而代谢能供给量则略显不足,成为种群增长的主要限制因子,所以本文以代谢能为基础估算的容纳量作为该地区冬季马鹿种群环境容纳量。此外,由于受雪被厚度、食物生物量、光照等环境因子的影响,两年估算的容纳量数值存在一定差异。