摘要: 以中国最大的大熊猫圈养种群———四川卧龙中国大熊猫保护中心的圈养种群为对象,以8个大熊猫微卫星位点为分子标记,探讨了大熊猫圈养种群的遗传多样性,并与邛崃野生种群及其他7个濒危物种进行比较。微卫星数据表明,圈养种群的遗传多样性水平(A=5.5,He=0.620,Ho=0.574)低于邛崃野生种群(A=9.8,He=0.779,Ho=0.581),但高于其他7个濒危物种的种群(He=0.13～0.46)。在此数据的基础上对未来100个世代内圈养种群遗传多样性的变化情况做出了预测。结果表明假设种群数量比现在扩大一倍,经历100个世代后也只会使平均等位基因数少减少0.4。因此继续增加野生个体对保持遗传多样性的意义已经不大,建议该圈养种群的保护策略应将重点放到制定更有效的繁殖计划以避免近交上。

摘要: 移地是指将生物有机体从一个区域自由释放到另一区域的移动,通常包括引入、重引入以及复壮等3种类型。野生动物的移地有较悠久的历史。在许多国家,通过移地以维持濒危野生动物种群在野外的长期续存已成为保护生物学上的一种重要手段。影响圈养动物野外放归成功的因素主要来自物种生物学特性、自然环境、社会生物学以及放归方式等几方面,同时,放归亦给基础生态学研究带来了新的机遇与挑战。大熊猫是我国特有的珍稀兽类,分布在秦岭、岷山、邛崃山、大相岭、小相岭以及凉山等几大隔离的山系。由于部分山系栖息地的高度破碎以及隔离小种群普遍面临的来自种群及环境等随机因素的影响,单纯依靠就地保护的措施可能并不足以保证这些隔离小种群在野外长期续存。在圈养大熊猫种群数量不断增加的情况下,将圈养个体放归野外以复壮孤立小种群应是一种有效的保护手段,同时,随着大熊猫栖息地质量的逐步改善,圈养大熊猫野外放归的时机亦逐步成熟。文中尚就圈养大熊猫放归野外之前亟待解决的问题进行了讨论。

摘要: Study subjects were 21 giant pandas raised at Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding. From 2003.06 to 2005.03, the pandas’ diet (consisting of bamboo, fruit, and milk gruel) was supplemented with a specially formulated concentrated biscuit(concentrate) and/or additional vitamin (water scatter lipid vitamins (Aventis AD_ 3 E100-20-20)and B vitamins).Mucous excretion of the pandas was explored for these dietary conditions. Blood levels of B vitamins were examined, and the relationship between the nutritional status of B vitamins and mucous excretion is initially discussed. Results showed that for all three pandas who received supplemental water scatter lipid vitamins and mineral elements, the frequency of mucous excretion was reduced. Of 15 pandas provisioned with the concentrate, 14 exhibited reduced mucous excretion. The majority of these pandas did not produce a mucous stool for 7 months. Mucous excretion was also reduced in 6 pandas provisioned with supplementary B vitamin and calcium-magnesium complex. The B_ 1 , B_ 6 , Niacin and Niacinamide concentrations in the serum of 4 pandas who frequently excreted mucous were found to be very low. After the addition of supplementary B vitamins, the concentrations of these vitamins rose and the frequency of mucous excretion decreased. Conclusion: Some of the B vitamins may be related to the frequency of mucous excretion in the captive giant panda. Accordingly, an effective measure to reduce or eliminate mucous excretion in the captive giant panda may be to supply a complete and balanced diet with a careful consideration of micro-nutrients.

摘要: 462 episode s of mucous excretion and associated behavioral changes were documented for 25 g iant pandas that were at the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breedin g. The purpose of this preliminary study was to lay the foundation for understa nding the phenomenon of mucous production, and to investigate measures whi ch may be related the frequency of mucous excretion. Indicators included the pe riod of abdominal discomfort associated with mucous excretion (mean=2.5±2 .3 h ); the interval from first refusal to consume bamboo and concentrated feed unti l mu cous excretion episode(mean=1.8±2.2 h); the interval fro m first refusal until return of appetite (mean=1.9±2.3 h); the interval from mucous excretion until intake of concentrated feed and bambo o (means=29.8±94.7 min and 33.8±105.8 min, respect ively); the interval between mucous excretion episodes (mean=18.9±24.0 days); mucous characteristics and weight of mucous averaged 1.7±0.7 and 77.8±47.7 g , respectively. Results indicated that the phe nomenon of mucus excretion in the giant panda causes significant disrupti on to daily activity patterns. Animals that excreted muco us more frequently (15 days or less, between bouts) showed significantly more le thargy (P<0.01 and P<0.05), abdominal discomfort (P<0.05), length of time of refusal to eat bamboo (P<0.055 ), and higher mucous weight, than animals that excreted mucous less frequently. Higher frequency of mucous excretion was directly associated with inhibited gro wth, reproduction and health status in the giant pandas studied.

摘要: 小相岭山系是现存大熊猫种群数量最少的山系之一。根据全国第3次大熊猫及其栖息地调查结果,小相岭山系大熊猫栖息地分布在石棉、冕宁和九龙三县,栖息地总面积802.04km2,大熊猫种群数量有32只。大熊猫在3个位于小相岭山系的自然保护区内种群数量和栖息地面积分别为:四川冶勒自然保护区9只,栖息地面积168.01km2;四川栗子坪自然保护区14只,栖息地面积306.38km2;四川贡嘎山自然保护区1只,栖息地面积15.19km2。在3个保护区大熊猫栖息地总面积为489.58km2,占各山系大熊猫栖息地总面积的61.05%;有大熊猫24只,占大熊猫种群数量的75.0%。小相岭山系大熊猫meta种群栖息地片段化比较严重,它由2个种群和2个孤立分布点组成。南北方向从成都至昆明的108国道以东的种群A有大熊猫13只,栖息地面积263.54km2,完整性较好,大熊猫分布比较集中。108国道以西的种群B有大熊猫19只,栖息地面积为538.50km2,栖息地破碎。该山系大熊猫数量少,栖息地片段化严重,需加强保护。