摘要: Passerine mimics often imitate various vocalizations from other bird species and incorporate these sounds into their song repertoires. While a few anecdotes reported that wild songbirds imitated human-associated sounds,besides captive parrots and songbirds, systemic and quantitative studies on human-made sound mimicry in wild birds remain scarce. In this study, we investigated the mimetic accuracy and consistency of electric moped sounds imitated by an urban bird, the Chinese Blackbird(Turdus mandarinus). We found that:(1) Only one type of electric moped sound was imitated, i.e., 13 of 26 males mimicked the first part of the antitheft alarm, a phrase containing a series of identical notes.(2) The mimicry produced by male Chinese Blackbirds had fewer notes and lower consistency within phrases compared to the model alarms.(3) The mimicry of male Chinese Blackbirds was imperfect, i.e., most of the acoustic parameters differed from the model alarms. Additionally, mimetic notes were lower in frequency than the models. Mimetic notes from two areas were also different in acoustic structures,suggesting Chinese Blackbirds might learn mimicry mainly from conspecific neighbors within each area respectively rather than electric mopeds, namely the secondary mimicry. Imperfect mimicry of human-made sounds could result from cost and physical constraints, associated with high consistency, frequency, and repetitions. Consequently, Chinese Blackbirds copied a simplified version of electric moped alarms. We recommend further attention to mimic species inhabiting urban ecosystems to better understand vocal mimicry's adaptation to ongoing urbanization.

摘要: Avian vocal communication represents one of the most intricate forms of animal language, playing a critical role in behavioral interactions. Both peripheral and central auditory-vocal pathways are essential for precisely integrating acoustic signals, ensuring effective communication. Like humans, songbirds exhibit vocal learning behaviors supported by complex neural mechanisms. However, unlike most mammals, songbirds possess the remarkable ability to regenerate damaged auditory cells. These capabilities offer unique opportunities to explore how birds adjust their vocal behavior and auditory processing in response to dynamic environmental conditions. Recent studies have advanced our understanding of the plasticity of avian vocal communication system, yet the vocal diversity and neurophysiological mechanisms underlying vocalization and hearing have often been examined independently. A comprehensive overview of how these systems interact and adapt in birds remains lacking. To address this gap, this review synthesizes the peripheral and central features of avian vocalization and hearing, while also exploring the mechanisms that drive the remarkable plasticity of these systems. Furthermore, it explores seasonal variations in bird vocalization and hearing and adaptations to environmental noise, focusing on how hormonal, neural, and ecological factors together shape vocal behavior and auditory sensitivity. Avian vocal communication systems present an exceptional model for studying the integration of peripheral and central vocal-auditory pathways and their adaptive responses to ever-changing environments. This review underscores the dynamic interactions between avian vocal communication systems and environmental stimuli, offering new insights into broader principles of sensory processing, and neuroplasticity.

摘要: In brood-parasitic Cuculus cuckoos, male vocalizations are species-specific and easily distinguishable, whereas female calls are remarkably similar across species, making species identification challenging. In this study, we examined the structural characteristics and variability of female bubbling calls among four Cuculus species(Common Cuckoo C. canorus, Oriental Cuckoo C. optatus, Indian Cuckoo C. micropterus, and Lesser Cuckoo C. poliocephalus) breeding in South Korea. Comprehensive acoustic analyses of seven call parameters, using recordings from 2021 to 2023, were conducted to quantify the characteristics of their calls and compare withinand between-individual variability across species. Significant differences were found across all call parameters, with the Common Cuckoo producing the highest number of notes and the Oriental Cuckoo the lowest-frequency calls. Despite these differences, the overall structure of the calls remained acoustically similar, with overlapping characteristics across species. Furthermore, female Common Cuckoos exhibited greater within-individual variability in their calls, while the other species showed higher between-individual variability, which may further complicate species identification based vocalization alone. These findings highlight the complexities of female vocalizations in Cuculus cuckoos and suggest that ecological, social, and evolutionary factors may contribute to this vocal variability.

摘要: Avian brood parasitism is a unique reproductive behavior in which parasitic birds depend on other species to incubate their eggs and raise their offspring. In China, there are 20 species of cuckoos in the family Cuculidae, order Cuculiformes, of which 17 species are parasitic cuckoos. This makes China one of the countries with the largest number of parasitic cuckoo species worldwide. Understanding the host utilization of cuckoos provides fundamental data for studying the coevolution of cuckoos with their hosts. We collected information on cuckoo hosts from the literature, photographs provided by birdwatchers, and online short video platforms, combined these data with our field observations, and summarized the parasitic cuckoos and their host species in China. A total of 1155 parasitism events were counted, involving 12 parasitic cuckoo species and 87 bird host species. These hosts belonged to 26 families, among which Muscicapidae was the most diverse with 19 species, accounting for 21.8% of the total hosts, followed by the families Phylloscopidae and Leiothrichidae with 8 species each, accounting for 9.2% of the total hosts recorded. The Common Cuckoo(Cuculus canorus) had the largest number of host taxa with 38 species, accounting for 43.7% of the total host species. This study adds 14 host species that have not been reported in China. However, for five species, the Jacobin Cuckoo(Clamator jacobinus), Banded Bay Cuckoo(Cacomantis sonneratii), Violet Cuckoo(Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus), Common Hawkcuckoo(Hierococcyx varius), and Whistling Hawk-cuckoo(Hierococcyx nisicolor), information regarding host utilization is still lacking.

摘要: Environmental DNA(e DNA) methods have emerged as a promising tool for studying a broad spectrum of biological taxa. However, metabarcoding studies of avian biodiversity using e DNA have received little attention. In this study, we compared waterbird biodiversity derived from e DNA metabarcoding with that obtained from traditional point counting surveys at 23 sites in Tai Lake of eastern China and evaluated the accuracy of e DNA metabarcoding for waterbird community studies. The point counting method recorded a higher total number of waterbird species(22) compared to the e DNA technique(16). While e DNA achieved a 74.5% detection rate for waterbird species and was able to identify a significantly greater number of species(12.48 ±1.97) at each sampling site than point counting method(6.13 ±2.69), particularly highlighting several rare and elusive species, it failed to detect some species commonly observed by the point counting method. The alpha diversity analysis revealed no significant differences in waterbird diversity between the e DNA method and the point counting method, except that the e DNA method exhibited lower Pielou evenness. Waterbird e DNA sequencing abundance correlated significantly with species occurrence, whereas Spearman's analysis indicated no significant difference between e DNA sequence abundance and species abundance from the point counting method. e DNA method detected no significant difference in waterbird composition between sampling sites, while the point counting method revealed significant differences. Consequently, e DNA is an effective complementary tool for assessing the diversity of wintering waterbirds in lakes, though it is unable to capture the full diversity of waterbird communities. It is crucial to develop sampling strategies that comprehensively monitor species composition and integrate e DNA with traditional survey methods for accurate evaluation of community structure.

摘要: In recent years, environmental DNA(e DNA) has garnered significant attention as a novel tool in biodiversity monitoring, recognized for its efficiency, convenience, and non-invasiveness. Despite its extensive application in various ecological studies, such as conservation, invasion biology, biomonitoring and biodiversity survey assessment, its use in avian monitoring remains in its infancy. This review critically examines the potential and limitations of e DNA technology for avian monitoring, focusing on current advancements and ongoing challenges in this emerging field. Water and air are the primary environmental media for collecting avian e DNA, although other sources like spider webs and plant flowers have been explored as well. Notably, airborne e DNA has been reported to capture the highest diversity of avian species. While avian e DNA technology has shown promise for monitoring rare and endangered species and assessing avian diversity, significant challenges remain, particularly in sampling strategies, DNA extraction methodology, primer selection, and ascertain abundance. Additionally, we discussed the factors influencing the production, transportation, and degradation of avian e DNA in the environment. Finally, we suggested future research directions, including optimizing sampling strategies, developing avian-specific universal primers, expanding avian DNA barcode databases, enhancing e DNA detectability, and integrating environmental RNA(e RNA) and e DNA approaches.

摘要: Tracking and mating data of Common Terns(Sterna hirundo) breeding in a single colony in north-eastern Germany were used to test for assortative mating in regards to migratory phenotypes. These birds use the eastern and western African migration routes and three different wintering areas along the African coast. However, no assortative mating was found for either migratory route or wintering area, as birds using both flyways and all three wintering areas paired randomly, which might be explained by a lack of difference in the arrival date at the colony between the groups. These results might indicate a low degree of genetic fixation of migratory route and wintering area in the Common Tern, which might hint that migratory direction and wintering sites could be passed to young terns via social learning, either by joining the parents or migratory flocks of conspecifics. If migratory phenotypes are passed on by a parent, it seems more likely that it is passed from father to young, as female Common Terns tend to leave the colony earlier and males provide the majority of post-fledging care.

摘要: Moult is an essential event in the annual cycle of birds. Moult patterns and strategies of birds are crucial for understanding their life-history trade-offs and adaptations to the environment. However, moult knowledge is still lacking for many Eastern Palaearctic birds, especially large endangered species, mainly because of the difficulty in data collection. Here, we used field photography, a non-invasive method, to detect and score moult in the endangered Crested Ibis(Nipponia nippon) and explored the moult timing variations and moult-breeding tradeoffs. The adult Crested Ibis sequentially moults its primaries outward, and secondaries inward from three foci from April to October. Age(adult versus sub-adult) and breeding status(breeding or not) have a significant effect on moult timing. Moult timing does not differ between the sexes, likely because of similar parental investments in breeding. Crested Ibis exhibits significant moult-breeding overlap, because moult is time constrained and needs to finish before the season of food scarcity in winter. Breeding timing(first egg laying date) has a strong impact on moult duration, with late breeders experiencing a longer moult duration, indicating that the moult intensity is slowed down during the breeding period because of trade-offs between moult and breeding. This reflects that energy allocation of late breeders is challenging during extensive periods of moult-breeding overlap, which might partly contribute to their high breeding failure. Our results strongly suggest the existence of a negative relationship between breeding time on one hand, and fitness and moult on the other: early breeders show higher reproductive output and higher quality plumage, whereas late breeders show lower reproductive output and lower quality plumage.

摘要: Assessing individual differences and variability in animal movement patterns is essential to improve our understanding of the evolution and ontogeny of migratory strategies. In long-distance migratory species, fledged juveniles often rely on an extremely restricted time span to learn the essential skills for survival and to prepare for migration, possibly the most risky phase of their lives. Collecting detailed information on the dynamics of the movements during the crucial pre-migratory phase is hence essential to understand the solutions developed by migratory species in different environmental contexts. Here, we used high-resolution GPS/GSM transmitters to collect information on the movement ecology of seven juvenile Montagu's Harriers(Circus pygargus) born in central Italy, investigating their early life stages, namely the post-fledging dependence period(PFDP) and the pre-migratory phase(PMP), until autumn migration. After fledging, individuals showed high variability(both in space and time) in home range size, daily distances covered(6.88 ±11.44 km/day), distance from the nest(1.45 ±2.8 km) and PFDP length(23.3 ±5.3 days). Residence time at the natal site significantly decreased, while time interval between revists in the natal area significantly increased, as the PFDP progressed. During the PMP, explored areas and distance from the nest(max value up to 320.8 km) varied among individuals, despite daily distances covered(27 ±40 km/day) and time allocation between traveling(60.7%) and foraging(39.3%) were similar across individuals. The PMP lasted 38 ±14 days. Land cover composition of foraging locations was mostly represented by agricultural lands(～78.2%), though habitat use differed among individuals. More than 76% of such locations were outside protected areas. This individual-based tracking study represents a novel approach that improves previous knowledge based on field studies on the early life stages of the Montagu's Harrier. High inter-individual variability in movement patterns, broad-range exploratory movements and foraging locations outside the protected area network make the application of standard conservation measures difficult, raising concerns about the long-term preservation of this vulnerable migratory species in Italy.

摘要: The number of secondary feathers varies among orders of birds with some orders exhibiting a positive relationship with ulna length, whereas in other orders secondary number is invariant. This difference has implications for scaling of the width of the feather vane within orders. In those species where the number of secondary remiges is invariant with ulna length, vane width should scale isometrically with ulna size to maintain an aerodynamic flight surface. Where feather count increases with increasing ulna length then vane width should exhibit negative allometry. Vane length should also correlate with ulna length, irrespective of the number of feathers. Data were compiled from an online library of images for the vane length and the width of the vane at 50% of the vane length for the fifth secondary feather for 209 bird species from 24 different orders. The results supported the hypotheses that vane width is a function of ulna size, and the number of secondary feathers as associated with different orders. Vane length was unaffected by the number of secondaries but varied between orders. The results suggest that birds have solved the problem of maintaining the aerodynamic surface of the proximal wing in two ways. Hence as ulna length increases the first solution involves more feathers that exhibit negative allometry for vane width, or in the second where feather count doesn't change, the vane width simply scales isometrically. The implications for the mechanical properties of the vane, and how it affects wing function, have not yet been explored in a range of birds.